Citizenship by Adoption

Ghanaian citizenship by adoption is a constitutional right that allows a non-Ghanaian child to automatically acquire Ghanaian nationality upon being legally adopted by a Ghanaian citizen. This pathway ensures that children integrated into Ghanaian families through legal adoption enjoy the same legal status, protections, and rights as children born to Ghanaian parents.

Unlike naturalization, which is a discretionary grant by the government, citizenship by adoption is considered an automatic legal consequence of a valid adoption order. It is specifically designed for children who do not already have a biological claim to Ghanaian citizenship.

This pathway is governed by the 1992 Constitution of Ghana and the Citizenship Act, 2000 (Act 591).

• Hague Convention Compliance: Since 2016, Ghana has strictly enforced international standards for intercountry adoptions. This has made the process more rigorous to prevent child trafficking, ensuring that citizenship acquired through adoption is legally unassailable.
• Mandatory Digital Registration: As of 2025-2026, the Ministry of the Interior and the National Identification Authority (NIA) require all new citizens by adoption to be registered in the National Identity Register immediately. This ensures the child receives a Ghana Card, which is now essential for accessing most public services.
• The "Age 16" Deadline: It is vital to note that the adoption must be finalized before the child turns 16. Simply starting the application before age 16 is insufficient; the court order must be dated prior to that birthday.

A child who acquires citizenship by adoption holds the same status as a citizen by birth. These rights include:

• Right to a Ghanaian Passport: The child is entitled to a Ghanaian passport and full consular protection abroad.
• Right to Work and Reside: Upon reaching adulthood, the individual has the permanent right to live and work in Ghana without needing permits.
• Dual Nationality: Ghana permits dual citizenship. The child may retain their original nationality if their country of origin allows it, and they are not required to renounce either citizenship upon turning 18.
• Access to Services: Full access to Ghanaian public education, healthcare, and social services.
• Political Rights: Upon reaching the age of majority, the individual has the right to vote and participate in the Ghanaian political process, subject to standard constitutional restrictions for dual citizens in specific high-level offices.